Pre-Colonial

About 20.000 years the first inhabitants arrived in what is now called Mexico. The inhabitants were fairly unorganized and spend their time tracking through the country hunting in the grasslands. Around 6500 BC the Indians started agricultural activities. The agriculture was of the slash and burn type. Around 3500 BC the agricultural skill had developed as such that they formed permanent villages in the center of Mexico. The Maya are not the first tribe to appear in Mexico, they were preceded by the Olmecs near the Gulf coast. The first Maya like tribes appeared around 200 BC in the south of Mexico (Chiapas).

The Maya were predominant in three area's; the northern area which is the Yucatan Peninsula, the central area which is the Peeten area and the western area which are the lowlands bordering to Belize. The Costa Maya falls under the western lowlands. The agricultural skills evolved between 200 BC and 900 AD to the extend that workers could be made available to built the beautiful cities as we know them today. In the area around the Costa Maya the building styles called Rio Bec and Chennes are found. The Mayan culture weakened during the period of 900 AD to 1200 AD. Other tribes influenced the building styles in that period (an example of this is Tulum).

The Rio Bec and Chennes sites are one of the latest found in Mexico. Most of the sites were found by rubber farmers scouting the forest in search of rubber trees. The discovered sites are;

Rio Bec:	Chennes:
Rio Bec	Chacchoben
Calakmul	Chicanná
Rio Azul (Guatamala)	Becán
Naachtúm (Guatamala)	Xpuhil
Uaxactún (Guatamala)	Dzibanche
Tikal (Guatamala)	Kohunlich
Nakum (Guatamala)
Mutul (Guatamala)
Tayasal (Guatamala)
Naranjo (Belize)

During the Mayan high times there was a flourishing maritime trade along the Yucatan coast. The Mayan's used large dugout canoes. They traded in fabrics, jade, obsidian, salt, shells etc. The area of Xcalak was a landing point because of the two openings in the reef. Xcalak means "two passes". A small unnamed site was found just east of the current village of Xcalak.

Colonial

Yucatan:
The first contact between the Spanish conquerors (Colombus) and the Maya took place in 1502 in Honduras. The first contacts were friendly however some years later the first fights took place. The Yucatan peninsula was first discovered by Fransisco Hernandez Cordoba. On his conquest for land Fransisco Hernandez Cordoba and thousands of Spaniards were killed within a short period of time.

Hernan Cortes landed in 1519 on Cozumel and within three years he conquered most of the territories. Twenty years later the Mayan's were defeated by Fransisco de Montejo. Many Mayan's were killed in battle or by European diseases. In this war many Mayan artifacts were destroyed by the Catholic monks.
After the declaration of Independence in 1821. The Mayan territories of Chiapas and Yucatan decided to join the United States of Mexico in 1840. In the 19th century Mennonites came to Mexico from Holland. The Mennonites can also be found around the Costa Maya and can easily be recognized by there blue jeans overall and checkered red shirt.

Costa Maya:
The history of Xcalak dates back to pre-Hispanic times, with 16 archaeological sites having been discovered between Punta Herrero (south of Bahia Espiritu Santo) and Boca Bacalar Chico. Seven of these sites are located between Punta Gavilan (just north of Guacamaya) and Boca Bacalar Chico, the border with Belize.

In the 16th Century, English pirates took over a large part of the coast and attacked Spanish ships that transported gold and riches back to Spain. Spain tried to defend its interests by constructing forts such as the one at Bacalar. Pirates continued to devastate the region, intending to take over the entire peninsula in the name of the English Crown. The reign of the pirates lasted until the end of the 19th Century, taking advantage of the indigenous rebellions and the abandonment in which the region was found.

At the end of the 19th Century, the Mexican Navy took control over what is today the state of Quintana Roo. In 1897 during the presidency of Porfirio Diaz, a treaty was signed which established the territorial limits between British Honduras (now Belize) and Mexico. This caused serious problems for Mexico because the territorial limit was at the center of Boca Bacalar Chico canal. This natural canal separates the Xcalak peninsula from Ambergris Key, and as a result, Mexican military vessels lost access to Chetumal Bay and remain at the mercy of Belize for permits.

Due to the lack of access to Chetumal Bay, Brigadier Ortiz Monasterios, the Mexican consulate, commissioned Engineer Rebolledo to find a suitable place to build a port in this area. Rebolledo selected Xcalak because two natural entrances through the barrier reef would permit navigation. (‘Xcalak’ means ‘the twins’ in Maya, referring to the 2 cuts in the reef.) The port was established in an effort to permanently occupy this area. From this site, Mexico intended to direct a military campaign to stop the supply of arms to the Maya rebels of Quintana Roo, who were participating in what is known as the Caste War. This led to the establishment of a base on the southern limits of Xcalak peninsula.

In Oct. of 1899, a site was constructed on the Zaragoza Canal to provide access to Chetumal Bay. (This canal south of town has recently been reopened and re-dredged in another effort to allow military vessels access to the bay.) At the same time, in 1899, on the Caribbean coast, the widening of the entrance through the reef was initiated. In addition, a “Decauville” railroad was built between Xcalak and La Aguada (on Chetumal Bay) in order to relieve the boat traffic through the narrow international canal.

All the above resulted in a port system which overcame the lack of a direct entrance into Chetumal Bay. Equipment was unloaded in Xcalak, taken by train to La Aguada, and then reloaded and taken to Payo Obispo, which was founded 2 years earlier. Thus, the village of Xcalak was founded on May 19, 1900 as the base for the “Southern Fleet” and the first shipyard in the Mexican Caribbean. At the same time, the first telegraph in the state was built.

When the Federal Territory of Quintana Roo was created in 1902, there were three important villages on the coast: Xcalak in the south, Vigia Chico in the middle, and Puerto Morelos in the north. The Xcalak village was the only village in the territory that did not depend on mahogany and chicle (used for chewing gum). Xcalak relied upon fishing and the exportation of coconut. The organization of copra, or coconut ranches, began in Xcalak and expanded to the bay area. Copra exportation eventually replaced fishing.

Current

In the 1950s, Xcalak’s economy was very healthy, boasting developments such as stone and wood construction, an ice factory, and electric plant, storehouses for large quantities of copra, grocery stores, a billiard hall, a movie theater, an ice cream factory, etc. Xcalak was the most important supply center in the region. After Hurricane Janet, Xcalak was in ruins. Many of its inhabitants died, including the lighthouse keeper and many sailors. The survivors were traumatized and a large group migrated to interior towns. The survivors who remained in Xcalak returned to fishing. The area was repopulated with people from San Pedro and Sartenejas, Belize, as well as from Honduras and El Salvador.

The fishing trade resulted in social organizations. On Oct. 25, 1959, the Cooperative Fishing Production Society of Andrea Quintana Roo was founded. It consisted of 49 members. Fishing techniques were greatly altered with the arrival of the first outboard motors made by Calipso and Lister.

In 1980, a 120 km gravel road was built, forming the Chetumal - Carrillo Puerto highway. This established a land route between the village of Xcalak and the rest of the state. People often recall that the first vehicle to arrive in the village was a Land Rover.

At the end of the 1980s Costa de Cocos and the first dive shop, “Aventuras Chinchorro” (now XTC Dive Center), opened . Soon after that a second dive shop “Xcalak Dive Center” appeared. These developments increased tourism and marked the beginning of a new period.

On August 24, 1995, the government of Quintana Roo published the decree for the “Ecological regulation for the area referred to as the Maya Coast” (Punta Herero - Xcalak). The decree outlined tourism development plans for the Costa Maya corridor. Xcalak was designated as one of the sites for the greatest development. The restoration of the municipal pier in Xcalak was completed at the end of 1995 to facilitate tourism development. In June of 1996, a ferry pier was built at La Aguada in order to provide service between Chetumal and Xcalak. At the same time, the existing airstrip in Xcalak was enlarged.

There are approximately 300 native inhabitants of Xcalak, most rely on fishing for their livelihood; however, many are now working in tourism and recently the Tourism Cooperative was formed. Officials that have their headquarters in Xcalak include: the Municipal Delegation, State Government representative of the Judicial Police, a port captain, immigration officer, and Navy base. As part of the social structure, other associations have been formed: the Parents Association, the Electricity Committee, the fishing Cooperative, and a Community Committee in which different representatives of all community sectors participate. It is through the Community Committee that issues regarding the management and conservation of natural resources are addressed.

Future

The Mexican government is trying to improve the state of living for the Indian population. The path chosen to do this on the Costa Maya area is to develop small scale ecological based tourism.

Mahahual (Majahual) is to be a larger tourist center with an international airport and a large dock for cruise ships.

Xcalak is to be preserved as a middle sized village with tourism based on ecological principals. To achieve this development ecological laws have been implemented on the Costa Maya. Sia'an Kaan is a protected natural reserve park, Banco Chinchorro is declared as a protected archaeological marine park and the Mesoamerican reef in fornt of Xcalak is declared a natural reserve park.